Ester



'- enamel compositions.

Patented Aug. 1945 UNITED- .STATES' PATENT OFFICE I assure A Merlin Martin Brubaker, Wilmington, DeL, as-

signor to E. I. du Pont de Nemonrs & Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application December 30, 1940,

7 Serial K nsas; 28 Claims. (Cl. 106-252) .This invention relates tonew synthetic drying oils and to coating compositions containing them.

Of the natural drying oi-ls, China-wood oil, perilla oil, and oiticica oil are outstanding in their ability to form hard, tack-free,-water-resistant films when properly formulated into vamlsh and Unfortunately, however, these oils are not produced in this count y in substantial quantities and have to be imported.

This diillculty ia increased by the fact that they are subject to--wide fluctuations in price, availability, and quality. Also, as is well known, some of these oils have a' tendency to'form films that "crystallize or frostfl:

Extensive research has therefore been expended in an effort to develop synthetic compositions which the drying properties and film-forming characteristics of these natural drying oils, and in a further endeavor to produce synthetic drying compositions which have even i better properties and more uniform quality than the natural drying oils. Such prior attempts,

however, have in the main been unsuccessful in is the preparation; of new v in a generic sense to include, not only the specific 1 but also those acids having one or more substituents on the chain, or in the ring. or both. The

impart rapid drying film properties to said esters.

Another general objective is the preparation of esters, suitable for use in coating compositions, from acids which are available economically or may be made so readily.

'An additional objective is the provision of methods of making these new esters.

The .above and other objects appearing hereinafter are accomplished by preparing, for example, by one of themethods subsequently departicular monofunctional monocarboxyli'c acids of different structure.

The expression a cinnamalacetic acid" is used compound cinnamalacetic acid cinicn=cncn=cncoom presence or absence of such substituents does not change the particular sequence of double bonds or the location of the phenyl group, which are consideredto be the critical elements of structure.

The term monofunctlonal" means that the monocarboxylic acid contains no group capable drying rates, hardness, andv toughness, of about of undergoing reaction with the carboxyl group under normal esterification conditions; i. -e., acids having an OH, NHz, or NHR group would not be suitable. These different monofunctional mono-'- carboxylic acids are preferably unsaturated. the acids of natural drying or semi-drying oils bein most useful. 7

In one of the preferred methods of carryin out the invention, a cinnamalacetic acid is reacted with a polyhydric alcohol which has been esters from those monocarboxylic acids which have the particular types of polyunsaturation, and

other elements of chemical structure, which will partially esterlfied with a different acid'or acids.

When these polyhydric alcohol partial esters are glycerol partial esters of a long chain fatty acid, theyare most suitably obtained by heating fatty oils in the usual way with glycerol and, preferably, an ester-interchange catalyst.v Incarrying out this alcoholysis step, the oil and free polyhrdne alcohol, in proportions calculated to give the degree of alcoholysis desired, are placed, along with a small amount of alcoholysis catalyst (e. g., 0.001-0.01% sodium hydroxide based on the oil),

in a reactor fitted with an agitator, a device tomeasure'the temperature, and'a gas. inlet. The

mixture is then heated with stirring for 1-2 hours 1 at about 200225 0., an oxygen-free inert gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen beingpassed into and over the mixture. In the esteriflcation step, this polyhydrlc alcohol partial ester is usually cooled to about 100-150 C., and the cinnamalacetlc acid is introduced in approximately the amount sufllcient to esterify the free hydroxyl groups calculated to be present from the initial proportions of oil and polyhydric alcohol. A hydrocarbon solvent, such as toluene, is next added in an amount sufllcient to produce boiling when the temperature reaches about 200-225 C. The

distilling vapors of solvent and water of esteriflcation are passed through a downward condenser,

the water separated mechanically from the condensed liquids, and the solvent returned to the reaction vessel, the whole cycle of distillation, separation of water, and return of solvent being conducted in a continuous manner. Depending on accuses sometimes inferior drying, is encountered. To obtain light-colored: products, it; is also 'fnecessary to avoid use of materialsfwhich liberate oxygen under reaction. conditions. Thus, ='solvents employed shouldj-not be those which contain or give off free oxygen or similaractive products during the reaction. For example, aged turpentine or old samples of petroleum naphtha should not be used since the peroxides usually present in these the temperature of reaction, which in turn is I governed by the nature and amount of solvent by distillation if desired. The resulting oil, or its solution as obtained in the process, can be formulated, by conventional methods used with natural drying oils, into valuable coating compositions. For such purposes, it can be used alone, or in blends with resins and/or natural drying or semidrying oils. Hot blending of these new oils with the natural drying or semi-drying oils gives coat-'- ing composition vehicles of unique properties.

Another good way to carry out theprocess is to heat together the cinnamalaceticv acid, polyhydric alcohol, and other acid until the desired "degree of esterification is obtained.

The rematerials produce deleteriousefiec'ts. Other oxygen-yielding compounds, for example,.- oxidized drying oils, should-be excluded in order to insure good color, and to avoid degradation and gelation of the resulting compositions. I

The more detailed practice of the invention is illustrated in the following examples wherein the amounts of the ingredients are by weight, such examples being given by way of illustration and not as a limitation. In these examples, vlscosities and colors are given on the Gardner-Holdt scale,

and the hydroxyl numbers are all corrected for acidity. Where the use of cobalt drier is mentioned, sufilcient of a 2% cobalt napl" alienate solution has been used to give the indicated content 'of cobalt metal, this proportion being based on oil. I

The ester compositions in the titles of each example are an index to the proportion of cinnamalacetic acid radicals in the product; i. e., they do not mean the product actually contains the stated percentages of, for example, the compounds linseed acids glycerlde and cinnamalacetic acid glyceridc. To illustrate, a product referred to as having 24.0% cinnamalacetic acid glyceride and 76.0% linseed acids glyceride is a product prepared from proportions of reactants so chosen as to yield a mixture of the two mentioned glycerides in the stated proportions .by weight, theoretically, i. e., if itbe assumed no mixed ester is formed. Actually, such a product is considered to be composed principally of mixed glycerides,

.-pr0bably mixtures of mixed glycerides, though If the simple esters are desired, they can be obtained by esterifying a cinnamalacetic acid with a polyhydric alcohol by heating these materials together.

In preparing the esters of the present invention, certain precautions are often necessary in order to obtain satisfactory results from a number of standpoints. These precautions are made necessary by the high reactivity of the clnnamalacetic acids at the elevated temperatures required in the preparation of the esters. Accordingly, for best results, the esteriflcation reaction for the preparation of the drying oil is preferably carried out at as low a temperature as is practical. As is noted above, and as will be seen from the examples, another such precaution is the maintenance of an inert atmosphere by the use of an oxygen-free inert gas. By complete or essentially complete exclusion of oxygen, superior color' is obtained, while, if the reaction is carried out at high temperature in the presence of oxygen, poorer color, combined with decomposition and small amounts of simple glycerides, partial glycerides (i. e., glycerol incompletely esterifled), free-glycerol, and free acids are undoubtedly present. The significance of the cinnamalacetic acid ester content is'discussed following the examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Glycerol mixed ester of linseed oil acids and cinnamalacetic acid Percent Cinnamalacetic acid glyceridc- 24.0 Linseed acids glyceride 76.0

The diglyceride of linseed oil acids is first prepared by agitating 1300 parts of alkali-refluxed linseed oil with 69.4 parts of refined glycerol in an inert atmosphere at 250 C. for 1.5 hours. To 58.5 parts of this diglyceride is added 16.5 parts of cinnamalacetic acid (Dobner, Berichte 35, 2137; 1902) and 10 parts of toluene. This mixture is heated under an atmosphere of deoxidized nitrogen at a temperature of 200-230 C. for a period of about 5 hours. The solution is cooled, filtered, and the solvent removed at C. and 10 mm. pressure during a period of 1 hour. This mixed ester, chemical composition as above, is a fluid oil which has the following Physical and analytical values: N 1.5083; d4 0.9863; hydroxyl No. 6.7 iodine No. 135.3; saponification No. 202.8; acid No. 20.1; color 3.7.

Films. of the product containing 0.03% cobalt dry tack-free on substrates such as bare steel, wood, or

rosinvarnish."

undercoats at 25' C. during a period oi 8-15 hours. The dried films are clear, smooth, glossy, tough,

and hard. Linseed oil remains tacky under the same drying conditions and after the same period of time, and dried films are soft. Films of the, mixed este of this example, containing 0.03% cobalt, when baked at 100 0., are completely tackiree and very hard in about 1.5 hours. Films aged at 100 C. for 18-20 hours do not become brittle or show appreciable degradation but still retain excellent hardness, flexibility, toughness, and adhesion. Durability exposures in Delaware over a eriodoi 8 months (45 south exposure) gave better results than a 45-gallon'china wood oil/limed Iron oxide pigment, 38 parts, and 100 parts of the above oil are ground in a pebble millior 6 days, ,yielding a well-dispersed enamel base. Thirty-six parts of this mill base is thinned with 10 parts of mineral spirits and treated with 0.048 part'cobalt drier. Films brushed on steel girders dry overnight to hard coatings which are much superior to a corresponding'linseed'oil paint.

The above mixed ester can-be formulated into a varnish in the following manner: The oil, 7.2 parts, is bodied to a high viscosity by heating under nitrogen for 5 minutes to 290 0., followed by holding the temperature constant at 290 C. for an additional minutes. To this product is added 3.2 parts or a 04% limed rosin, 0.1 port oi manganese resinate, 1.! parts of lead naphthenate, and"2.'l parts of mineral spirits. This composition corresponds to a 45-gallcn varnish containing 4% lead and" 0.04% manganese, based on the oil. This product dries in 7 hours in the air at ordinary room temperature. Films over bare steel and undercoated' steel are comparable in months in Delawarqthe product is giving excellent results. I

The product an enamel as follows: A mixture 01 33 parts oi the of this example can be made into mixed glyceride, 16 parts of titanium dioxide pig'- ment, 18 parts oi'antimony oxide pigment, and 40 parts of mineral spirits is ground in a pebble mill for about 100 hours. To the resulting enamel is added sumcient cobalt naphthenate drier to give a composition containing 0.03% cobalt. The

enamel is then diluted to a spraying viscosity by the'addition of 25 parts of mineral spirits. A film formed by spraying the resulting enamel onto wood or steel is essentially tack-free after about 15 hours at room temperature and shows excellent through-hardening aiter overnight drying.

A blend prepared by mixing 15 parts of linseed oil with 10 parts of the above oil, in the presence of 0.03% cobalt, dries tack-free and hard overnight at room temperature. This mixture is much superior in drying rate and hardness to linse oil.

' Exams: 3

Triester of glycerol and cinnm'nalacctic acid Eighty-three parts "of the acid chloride of cinnamalacetic acid (prepared by heating a solution of 75 parts of cinnamalacetic acid, 120 parts of petroleum ether, and 75 parts oi thionyl chloride in a steam bath for 1.5 hours, and removing the solvent and excess thionyl chloride by vacuum distillation) is placed in 300 parts of chloroform; 13 parts of purified glycerol is properties to those from analogous varnishes pre- I pared from China wood oil/limed, leaded rosin and perilla oil/AmberoP' varnishes of -gallon oil length; durability in Delaware over a 4.5 months exposure period parallels that oi these controls.

Exnnts 2 Glycerol mieed ester of-linseed oil acids and cinnamalocetie acid I Percent Cinnamalacetic-acid glyceride. 58.0 Linseed acids glyceride 42.0

above. has the .ioliowing analytical values: hydroxyl No. 0.7:iodine 80.1013; saponlfication No. 100.0: acid No. 11.0.

.ll'llms ofthe m. c0ntalningcobalt. and diluted to oi E. f than amount oi mineral spirits, dry tach iree at ordinary room temperature during of a few hours, becoming dust-tree 2 hours; The dried films are elear smooth, glossy, tough, I

and hard, sndare greatly superior 'inthe rate of ry hardness, and general properties tofilms oi Alter exponu'e lot 2 the cold solution.

added; and 35 parts of pyridine, dissolved in parts of chloroform, is introduced dropwise into stirred at about 0 C. for 0.5 hour, and then is heated at about 40 C. for 0.5 hour. The cooled solution is thoroughly. washed successively with water. with dilute alkali, with dilute hydrochloric acid. and again with water. The triester is, then isolated by removing the solvent under,

vacuum. It has the following physical and analytical values: iodine No. 127.4; saponifica-' tion No. 439.1; acid No. 4.5; hydroxyl No. 60.5.

A solution of this ester in tetrachlorethane (viscosity E), containing 0.03% cobalt, when applied'to a surface such as steel or wood, becomes .dust-free at ordinary room temperature in about 15 hours, and tack-free after 3 days. The films thus obtained are hard, glossy. and 'very adherent' to steel, with fairly good toughness.

Glycerol mixed ester of soua'bean oil and 1 cinncmolacetic acid Percent Cinnamalacetic acid glyceride 25.6 Soya bean acids s yceride 74.4

Soya bean 011.131 parts, as parts of refined glycerol, and 0.1 part at litharge' are heated at approximately 175 C. for 1.5 hours. The mixture is then cooled to about C. and 39.2 parts of cinnamalace'tic acid is added, together with 18 parts of toluene. The mixture is next heated at 205-220 C. in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen iorabout 3.5-.hours. The toluene is removed by distillation, and the excess acid is removed by blowing with nitrogen at 200%. for 45 minutes.

The fiuent, light-colored oil thus prepared,

chemical composition as above, has the following physical and analytical values: N 1.5045; 44'.

The resultant mixture is.

Y oil under similar conditions, and is superior in 10 0.9919; hydroxyl No. 30.9; iodine 1N0. 114.1;

saponiflcation No. 186.6; acid No. 4.4.

The film flowed from the .oil, diluted to viscosity C) with 'mineral'spi'rits and containing.

0.03% cobalt; dries dust-tree at ordinary room temperature in about 15 hours and tack-free and tough in 2 days. The oil dries much more rapidly than straight .soya bean oil or linseed hardness.

v 1 Example 5' Glycerol mixed esters of linseed oil acids and a-methylcimtamalacetic acid v Percent a-Methylcinnamalacetic acid glyceride 40.5

Linseed acids glyceriden 59.5

Refined'linseed oil, 51.5 parts, 5.5 parts of purified glycerol, and about 0.05 part or litharge' To the are heated at about 175 C. Ior 1 hour. cooled material is then added 33 parts of amethylcinnamalacetic acid' (M. P; 160.5-162" C.) (Macleod, American Chem. J. 44, 338 (1910)) and 20 parts of toluene. Heating is carried out at about 200-230 C. for 17 hours. The oil thus prepared, chemical composition as above, has the following physical and analytical values: hydroxyl No. iodine No. 128; saponification No. 220.2; acid No. 6.0.

A film, flowed from a solution diluted to viscosity D with mineral spirits and containing 0.03% cobalt, dries tack-free at ordinary room temperature in less than hours. 'I'hismixed glyceride dries much more rapidly than does unmodified linseedoil, and films are much harder and tougher. After 2 months exposure in Delaware (45 south exposure), films of this product are in excellent condition, being superior to those Hemamethvlene glycol mixed ester of linseed oil acids and cinnamalacetic acid rosin-China wood oil var- Percent Hexamethylene glycol ester of cinnamalacetic acid Hexamethylene glycol ester of linseed oil acids 59.0

Hexamethylene glycol, 29.3 parts, 69.8 parts 0! refined linseed oil acids, and 43.5 parts of cinnamalacetic acid are heated together in toluene solution at about 200-220 C. for about 14 hours.

The toluene is then removed by distillation, and

nitrogen. The resulting oil, chemical composition as above, has the following physical and analytical values: hydroxyl No. 9.2; iodine No. 109; saponiflcation No. 1'19; acid No. 9.2; No", 1.5158.

This oil, with 0.1% cobalt drier, sets up overnight at ordinary room temperature to sort fiexible films. The drying and film properties are superior to those of linseed acids diester of hoxamethylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 7 Glycerol mixed ester of linseed oil acids and a-cyanocinnamalacetic' aclld'v Percent a-Cyanocinnamalacetic. acid glyceride 26.6 Linseed acids glyc'eride--. 73.4

3 The diglyceride of linseed oil is prepared by heating 87.8 parts of refined linseed oil and 4.6

2081 (1936)) and 18 parts of toluene.

the excess acids are removed by blowing with parts of purified glycerol in the presence of about 0.1 part of litharge at 210 C. for 1 hour. To the cooled solution are then added32 parts of a-cyanocinnamalacetic acid (Wittig and Kethur, Ber. 69, Heating is maintained at about 215-250 C. for 1.5 hours in the presence of a pure nitrogen atmosphere. The toluene and excess acid are next removed by blowing with nitrogen. The oil thus. prepared, chemical composition as above, has the following physical and analytical values; N 1.5365;

114", 0.9929; hydroxyl No. 2.55; iodine No. 133; saponification No; 209; acid No. 3.85.

With 0.03% cobalt, this oil dries overnight over steel at ordinary room temperature to a practically tack-free condition, is quite hard, and adheres well. The oil dries more rapidly than unmodified linseed oil under similar drying conditions and is much superior in hardness and toughness.

ExsMPLE 8 Hemam ethylene glycol mixed ester of a-cyanocinnamalaoetic acid and linseed oil acids 7 1 Percent Hexamethylene glycol ester of a-cyanocinnanialacetic acid 43.5 Hexamethylene glycol ester of linseed oil acids 56.5

Hexamethylene glycol, 21 parts, 50.0 parts of linseed oil acids, 35.7'parts of d-cyanocinnamalacetic acid, and 18 parts of toluene are heated together in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen for 5.5 hours at about 200 C. Solvent and excess acids are removed by blowing the hot oil with nitrogen, and the oil is clarified by filtration. The resulting oil, chemical composition as above, has the following physical and analytical values: Hydroxyl No. 11; iodine No. 82; saponification No. 171; acid No. 5.0.

Films of this oil, containing 0.03% cobalt, become dust-free in 15 hours at 25 C. and are well set-up in 5 days. The films are flexible, and the drying and film properties are very much better than those of the hexamethylene glycol diester of linseed oil acids.

' It will be noted that the examples given have as a part of their caption the amounts of polyhydric alcohol simple esters of each acid that are present in the products, theoretically, i. e., ii'it be assumed that no mixed esters are formed. The meaning of these figures is discussed hereinbefore.

It has been found that, for each particular combination or polyhydricalcohol, cinnamalacetic acid, and other monocarboxylic acid, there is a range of cinnamalacetic acid-polyhydric alcohol simple ester content, within which the products dry fastest, have best fllrn properties generally, and can be made most easily.

In regard to the glycerol mixed esters of cinnamalacetic acids generally, and more particularly in regard to glycerol mixed esters of cinnamalacetic acids anddrying or semi-drying oil acids (especially linseed oil acids), it will usually be found that the most valuable'products have on the order of 560% cinnamalacetic acid glyceride.

linseed oil.

- D 110! t linseed Oil.

, perior to China wood oil.

, and linseed oil acids, this range isfrom about 10% to about 45% of the cinnamalacetic acid glyceride. As the amount is lowered to 0%, the drying time increases, approaching and reaching that of As the amount is increased from about 45%, theproducts are increasingly difilcult to prepare, at least in part because of the increasing tendency to gelation. At 100%, the

product dries quite rapidly, but the films tend to be less flexible and require plasticization in order to be of greatest value for most purposes. Particularly valuable products can be obtained by blending with linseed or other oils, preferably at elevated temperatures.

After the film-forming properties of esters obtained from different proportions of a particular b yhydrlc alcohol, cinnamalacetic acid, and other monocarboxylic acid have been established by simple testing, it is possible to prepare, by

appropriate selection of proportions, a polyhydric alcohol mixed ester having any desired degree of improvement in film-forming properties (up to the maximum possible for the ingredients indrying ability and film properties are at least equal (about 10% cinnamalacetic acid glyceride) or definitely superior (above 10% cinnamalacetic acid glyceride) to linseed oil.

Similarly, it is possible to make, from linseed oil, glycerol, and a cinnamalacetic acid, oils which are equal to or better than oils which are su- Forexample, a glycerol mixed ester having only 5%, cinnamalacetic acid glyceride becomes the equal of dehydrated castor oil; one having about of the cinnamalacetic acid glyceride is like China wood oil, and can be employed in place of China wood oil in the manufacture of varnishes; and those having more than 20% of the cinnamalacetic acid glyceride are su- In the case of perilla and oiticica oils, which are intermediate in drying properties between linseed and China wood oils, an "introduction of about 5% cinnamalacetic acid glyceride makes to give a mixed ester of the desired cinnamalacetic acid glyceride content. Suitable conditions are, for example, the heating of the two oils, with sively in any order. Or a polyllydric alcohol simple ester of either the cetic acid or the other acid or acids can be reacted successively with additional 'polyhydric alcohol and the reof so doing being apparent to one skilled in the 7 art. When the solution method heretofore disthem the equal of, andmorethan 5 makes them superior to, China wood oil. Y A remarkable characteristic of those of'the new oils which are in the China wood oil range is that they dry to clear, smooth films and do not frost on wrinkle as does China wood oil. v I

The desired proportion of cinnamalacetic acid glyceride is normally obtained by using the calculated amount of a. cinnamalacetic acid or esterifiable derivative. However, an effect which approaches or equals the behavior of the mixed ester 'somade can be obtained by preparing a mixed ester of cinnamal'acetic acid glycer'ide con- I maining acid or acids. Inthe first, i. e., aicoholysis, step of this latter process, an ester interchange catalyst such as litharge, sodium hydroxide, sodium glycerolate, etc., is preferably included in small amount, suitably from 0.001% to Suitable types of esteriflable derivatives of both the cinnamalacetic acids and the different acids Solvents and other preparative'details should be adjusted to the method chosen, the method methyltrlmethylolmethane, erythritol, .p,p'-di(2- hydroxyethyhbenzene, decamethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, sorbitoi, and cyclohexyl-1,2-dic'al'binol.

The monofunctional monocarboxylic acid or acids can be any monofunctional monocarboxylic acid, or any mixture of such acids, such as mixtures of linseed and China wood oil acids. Other specific acids that. are suitable include perilla oil acids, oiticia oil acids, lauric acid, p-toluic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, corn oil acids, cottonseed oil acids, coconut oil acids, furoic acid,"

sorbic acid, 'quinolinlc acid, alpha naphthionic acid, oleic acid, atearic acid, phenoxyacetic acid, and the like. The aclds'may be aromatic or allphatic; open or closed chain and, if the latter,

monocyclic, polycyclic, homocyclic or heterocyclic; saturated or unsaturated; straight or branched chain; and substituted or not by other groups or atoms, such as ether, ketone, halogen, etc, which do not interfere with the desired esteriflcation reaction.

Any cinnamalacetic acid, as the term is hereinbefore explained, can be employed. The table below gives other pacific suitable acids by name,

formula and scare k Amsnm'nvn Cnmuuiucrnc Acms Nam acid Formula Source 2,5-diphenylpentadien-2,4-oic Z-furyl-rplienylpentadien-2,4-oic afi-diphenylpentsdien-iA-oic 5-p-tolylpentadien-2,-i-oic p-C BiC HiCH=CHCH=CHO 0 0H- Z-cyclohexyl 5- phenylpentadien-Zi- C 0H5C H=C H-C H=C -C 0 0H oic. 0 1:

2 cyclopentadienyl 5 phenylpentadlon-2,4-oic.

CcHuCH=CHCH=C-COOH CeHiCH=OHOH0 CIHECHICOOCHB CH=CHCHO OHzCOOCrHa cH=cnt :-cm BrCIhCOOB aon=onorro crmcoon),

kcHrClHilCH= c HcHo crmcoon cn=orrcno cinncmooocm CH=CHC HQ ClCHaCOOH K The examples and general description indicate that the new oils of the present invention are generally useful for formulation into coating compositions, which latter can also contain (as needed and desired for theparticular purpose to which they are to be put) natural resins; synthetic resins; cellulose derivatives, such as nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate; waxes; natural drying oils; other oils; pigments; fillers; cork; bitumens; solvents etc. The new oils can be blown or heat-bodied in a manner quite similar to the natural drying oils, and they react toward driers in a. manner generally similar to linseed oil. Driers and solvents which are effective with natural drying oils work well with the new oils, although, if very light-colored products are'to be made, lead driers are undesirable.

These compositions can be applied to many kinds of surfaces and materials, e. g., metal, wood, paper, linen, silk, cotton textiles, regenerated cellulose wrapping i'oil, etc. Specific manufacturers that can be so produced are lino-- leum, patent leather, linoxyn-type materials,

coated copper wire, oiled cloth, oiled silk, and sandpaper; The products of the invention can also be made up into molding compositions, putties, and the like. In addition, they can be employed as modifying agents for urea-formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde resins.

It will be apparent from. the foregoing description that new mixed esters having remarkable properties and a wide utility have been obtained.- In particular, these esters are valuable substitutes for the natural drying oils in coating compositions, thereby reducing materially the dependence upon these natural products. The new esters have also many advantageous properties not shared by the natural oils, as for example, the

ability to form films which do not crystallize.

wrinkle, or frost, as do films from the more rapidly drying natural oils. Furthermore, it is possible to take any fatty oil, including one that has a low order of drying, and, by substituting present invention are particularly outstanding in that they combine the high film build of the natural drying oils (resulting from the much higher solids content at working viscosities) with the ability of resin-oil varnishes to dry rapidly to hard, tough films.

It is apparent that many widely diflerent embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof; and, therefore, it is not intended to be limited except as indicated in the appended claims.

I claim:

1. A polyhydric alcohol ester of a cinnamalacetic acid.

2. A glycerol ester of a cinnamalacetic acid.

3. A glycerol ester of cinnamalacetic acid.

4. A polyhydric alcohol mixed ester of a cinnamalacetic acid and another monofunctional monocarboxylic acid.

.5. A glycerol mixed ester of a cinnamalaeetic acid and another monoiunctional carboxylic acid.

6. A glycerol mixed ester of a cinnamalacetic acid and the acids of a natural fatty oil.

7. A glycerol mixed ester ot a cinnamalacetic acid and the acids 0! a natural drying oil.

8. A' glycerol mixed ester 02 cinnamalacetic acid and linseed oil acids.

9. The ester of claim 5 containing that proportion of cinnamalacetic acid radicals which theoretically gives a content of glycerol simple ester of that acid in the range of about MM! by weight.

10. The ester oi? claim 7 containing that broportion of cinnamaiacetic acid radicals which theoretically gives a .content of ;glyc erol simple ester or that acid in the range oi abouts-% by weight. g

'11. The ester of claims containing that proportion of cinnamalacetic acid radicels which tl'ieol'eticaliy. gives a' content. joi about iii-45% o! cinnamalaceticacid'ghrceride 1 12. A coatingcompoeition' containing the productoi'claim'l.

13; A coatiril I composition containing the productor claim 6. v

. I a v a,-ss1,eas 14. A coating composition contninlnz 59 9 15 1 not oi claim land a drying'ta'tty oil.

. 15. A coating composition the prodnot ot-claim 4 and a dryingiatty'loil. '16. A varnish containing hcfIPMuct'o! claim -1, a drierfand a varnishsolvent. 4

17. A varnish. containing the, roductoijclaim 4, a drier". and a varnish .sQlventQ- 1,

18. Ayarnish containing the rodnct: ot claim l, a drying oil. a drier, and aivarnishsolvent;

4, 19. A varnish containing the product, or claim' 4, a drying oil, a drier, and a varnish. solvent.

23. An enamel containing a glycerol ester of cinnamalacetic acid and the.

acids oi clai natural drying oil, a pigmenhadrier, and a volatile solvent.

24. The method which comprises reacting a polyhydric alcohol with a cinnamalacetlc acid and at least one monoiunctional monocarboxylic acid-of different structure.

' 25; The method which comprises reacting-a p lyhy'dric alcohol with a cinnamalacet ic acid and the acids of ariatural fatty oil.

26. The method which comprises reactinfi a" polyhydric alcohol with a cinnamalacetic acid and the acids of a natural drying oil.

2'1. The method of improving the drying of natural fatty oils which comprises reacting these oils successively with a polyhydric alcohol and a cinnamalacetlc acid. v

28. .The method which comprises reacting a cinnamalacetic acid with a polyhydric alcohol 0! natural drying oil acids.

partial ester v 'MERLlN MARTIN BRUB. 

